Follow us on social

In the Indo-Pacific, Britain acts as America's junior partner

In the Indo-Pacific, Britain acts as America's junior partner

Post-Brexit, the UK has grand global ambitions, but given its dire economic straits, London must worry about Chinese retaliation.

Analysis | Asia-Pacific

Following the United Kingdom’s formal departure from the European Union three years ago, London has prioritized deepening trade and defense ties in the Indo-Pacific, where it wants to be a leading Western actor.

Focused ever more on its own cost-of-living crisis and on providing military and humanitarian support to Ukraine against Russia’s invasion, however, Britain is arguably overstretching itself.

Nonetheless, Washington’s continuing quest for allies to help implement its containment strategy against China in the Indo-Pacific has made London, despite its limited resources, a partner of Washington’s vision.

In a meeting between Anthony Blinken and UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly on January 17, the two countries’ close cooperation on China was once again raised. Blinken welcomed the UK “deepening its engagement in the Indo-Pacific,” while lauding agreements to increase London and Washington’s “close consultation” on various regional issues, including “maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait.”

As per its 2021 Integrated Review, London has sought to enhance its trading relations with various countries in the Indo-Pacific. While pushing the idea of “British leadership,” the Review also expressed London’s wish to become the most integrated European partner in the Indo-Pacific by 2030.

While seeking trade with the region is important for Britain — especially after Brexit — China’s rise has introduced another dynamic to the UK’s approach to the region. The Review depicted Beijing as a threat to British security and interests. And, as the Review described the United States as the UK’s most important strategic ally and partner in the region, it indicated an endorsement of Washington’s posture there.

“Both [the UK and the U.S.] have highlighted a level of existential threat [from China] in the battle for the future of democracy and the liberal world order,” according to Sophia Gaston, the director of the British Foreign Policy Group, a London-based non-partisan think tank. She noted that the language used about China in the UK’s Integrated Review largely echoes that of the Biden administration.

Both governments, she added, have a “shared desire to challenge China through forums outside the bilateral relationship, building up capacity in the Western alliance and forging new alliances with liberal nations with a similar interest in China’s rise.”

Blinken and Cleverly’s discussions came a week after Japan and Britain signed a Reciprocal Access Agreement allowing mutual military deployment in each other’s countries and increasing the number of joint exercises in which they engage. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said the deal, which was first agreed in principle under Boris Johnson’s premiership in May 2022, “cements our commitment to the Indo-Pacific.”

While Tokyo welcomed Britain’s deepening engagement in the Indo-Pacific, with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida arguing that “security in Europe and the Indo-Pacific region are inseparable,” Japan has encouraged the UK’s expansion in the region within Washington’s strategic framework.

London and Tokyo have been working for some time on defense cooperation. In August and September 2021, the UK deployed a new Royal Navy flagship to Japan where it conducted joint exercises with Japanese, U.S., and Dutch navies. Since then, London has also participated in various joint naval patrols, including most recently a U.S.-led exercise in November 2022 with Japan, Canada, and Australia.

London also deployed two permanent vessels in the Pacific following concerns between Japan and the UK about China’s military buildup around the Taiwan Strait. The ships are also near the disputed Senkaku islands that are administered by Tokyo but claimed by China, which refers to them as the Diaoyu Islands.

Yet, while Britain’s Conservative government has aligned itself with Washington’s military strategy in the region, it is also concerned about maintaining its important economic relations with Beijing, an ambivalence that sometimes rises to the surface, notably in parliamentary debates.

Boris Johnson, who led Britain’s tilt to the Indo-Pacific, also presented himself as a “Sinophile,” who welcomed trade with Beijing. Yet, during Johnson’s tenure, his government pledged to remove all Huawei equipment from 5G networks in the UK by 2027, largely as a result of strong pressure from Washington which waged an international campaign to persuade nations that Huawei’s networks could be used by Beijing for espionage.

Under Johnson, Britain also joined the AUKUS defense cooperation pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021, thus further consolidating Britain’s participation in Washington’s containment strategy. Even more dramatically, Johnson’s foreign secretary who later succeeded him briefly as prime minister, Liz Truss, demanded that Britain follow Washington’s lead in curbing certain kinds of trade with China and later urged Western states to boost Taiwan’s defensive capabilities to deter a Chinese invasion.

Sunak, who succeeded Truss, has since announced the development of a new fighter jet called Tempest which will be co-produced by Japan and Italy and begin flying in 2035.

Sunak has said that what David Cameron once described as the “golden era” of UK-China relations is now over. But he has also called for “robust pragmatism” in dealing with China, suggesting that he is juggling pressure for a harder line on Beijing and Beijing’s possible importance in overcoming Britain’s worsening economic situation. After all, China is the largest source of imports to the UK, and these economic ties have only become more critical after Britain’s withdrawal from the EU single market.

“While China's economic model has directly challenged U.S. industry, Britain had de-industrialised long ago and its services economy has, if anything, benefited from China's rise,” David Lawrence, Research Fellow at Chatham House, told Responsible Statecraft.

Despite these differing economic priorities, “Britain’s interest in the Pacific is primarily related to safeguarding the U.S.-led world order and strengthening its post-Brexit relationships in the region,” he added. “However, the UK does not have anywhere near the resources of the U.S. to commit to the region.”

Of course, there is also the issue of Hong Kong, which remains a sore point in relations between Britain and China. As Beijing has eliminated the former British colony’s autonomy and cracked down on dissidents and the pro-democracy movement there in recent years, bilateral relations have been negatively affected.

Despite the importance of Britain’s retention of trade ties with China and the region, London has, for all practical purposes, aligned its regional policy with Washington. With a Royal Navy that has been shrinking for several decades and its already large commitments to Ukraine, the UK is limited in its ability to play a more independent role.  

As a November report by Chatham House noted, European states, including the UK, have little choice over whether to align closely with Washington in the Indo-Pacific despite their individual ambitions for the region.

And given domestic pressure to focus on the UK’s economic woes, internal debates over how much Britain can commit to the Indo-Pacific, whether it should prioritize trade over its military alliances, and how it should ultimately engage with China will likely continue, particularly ahead of an anticipated update to the Integrated Review.


Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken meets with UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly, on the margins of the 77th Session of the United Nations General Assembly High Level Week in New York City on September 20, 2022. [State Department photo by Ron Przysucha]|Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken meets with UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly, on the margins of the 77th Session of the United Nations General Assembly High Level Week in New York City on September 20, 2022. [State Department photo by Ron Przysucha]
Analysis | Asia-Pacific
US Navy Arctic
Top photo credit: Cmdr. Raymond Miller, commanding officer of the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Bainbridge (DDG 96), looks out from the bridge wing as the ship operates with Royal Norwegian replenishment oiler HNoMS Maud (A-530) off the northern coast of Norway in the Norwegian Sea above the Arctic Circle, Aug. 27, 2025. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Cesar Licona)

The rising US-NATO-Russia security dilemma in the Arctic

North America

An ongoing Great Power tit-for-tat in which U.S./NATO and Russian warships and planes approach each other’s territories in the Arctic, suggests a sense of growing instability in the region.

This uptick in military activities risks the development of a security dilemma: one state or group of states increasing their security presence or capabilities creates insecurity in other states, prompting them to respond similarly.

keep readingShow less
Trump Vance Rubio
Top image credit: President Donald Trump meets with Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Vice President JD Vance before a call with Russian President Vladimir Putin, Monday, August 18, 2025, in the Oval Office. (Official White House Photo by Daniel Torok)

The roots of Trump's wars on terror trace back to 9/11

Global Crises

The U.S. military recently launched a plainly illegal strike on a small civilian Venezuelan boat that President Trump claims was a successful hit on “narcoterrorists.” Vice President JD Vance responded to allegations that the strike was a war crime by saying, “I don’t give a shit what you call it,” insisting this was the “highest and best use of the military.”

This is only the latest troubling development in the Trump administration’s attempt to repurpose “War on Terror” mechanisms to use the military against cartels and to expedite his much vaunted mass deportation campaign, which he says is necessary because of an "invasion" at the border.

keep readingShow less
President Trump with reporters
Top photo credit: President Donald Trump speaks with members of the media at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland on Sunday, September 7, 2025. (Official White House Photo by Daniel Torok)

Is Israel forcing Trump to be the capitulator in chief?

Middle East

President Donald Trump told reporters outside a Washington restaurant Tuesday evening that he is deeply displeased with Israel’s bombardment of Qatar, a close U.S. partner in the Persian Gulf that, at Washington’s request, has hosted Hamas’s political leadership since 2012.

“I am not thrilled about it. I am not thrilled about the whole situation,” Trump said, denying that Israel had given him advance notice. “I was very unhappy about it, very unhappy about every aspect of it,” he continued. “We’ve got to get the hostages back. But I was very unhappy with the way that went down.”

keep readingShow less

LATEST

QIOSK

Newsletter

Subscribe now to our weekly round-up and don't miss a beat with your favorite RS contributors and reporters, as well as staff analysis, opinion, and news promoting a positive, non-partisan vision of U.S. foreign policy.